Ke kū nei nā ʻoihana he nui i kēia manawa i kahi pilikia maʻamau, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai lākou i nā mea ikaika a maʻalahi, akā maʻalahi. Hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui ke hoʻoponopono i kēia pilikia. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohui i nā ikaika o nā mea like ʻole e hoʻokō i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea composite i nā ʻoihana e like me ka aerospace, ka hana automotive, a me ke kūkulu ʻana. He aha ka mea hui?
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau mea ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ʻelua mea ʻokoʻa a ʻoi aku paha, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kona ʻano kino kino a i ʻole kemika. No laila, ke hui pū ʻia, hana lākou i mea hou me nā hiʻohiʻona i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kēia mea hou, ʻoi aku ka māmā, a i ʻole ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā ikaika i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kumu.
Makemake ʻoe e pili ana i nā mea hoʻohuihui a me kā lākou ʻano? E ʻimi kākou i ka mea e ʻokoʻa ai kēia mau mea a pehea e hoʻohana ʻia ai i nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
Table of Contents
He aha ka Composite Material?
No ka hana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻohui, hoʻohui nā mea ʻenekinia i ʻelua mau mea like ʻole, kēlā me kēia me kona ʻano ponoʻī. Loaʻa kēia hui ʻana i kahi mea hou me nā hiʻohiʻona ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā kumu kumu. Hoʻolālā lākou i kēia mea hou e hana i nā hana kikoʻī, e like me ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka māmā, a i ʻole ke kū ʻana i ka uila. Eia hou, hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui ke hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa.
Moʻolelo Pōkole o ka Mea Hana Hui
Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻohuihui i nā makahiki he nui aku nei i ka wā ma mua. Ma ka makahiki 3400 BC, ua hana nā Mesopotamians i nā mea hana i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. Hoʻopili lākou i nā ʻāpana lāʻau lahilahi ma nā kihi like ʻole e hana i kahi lāʻau ʻoi aku ka ikaika. Ma hope mai, ma kahi o 2181 BC, ua hana ko ʻAigupita kahiko i mau maka make. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ke olonā a i ʻole ka papyrus a ua uhi ʻia me ka hamo. Ua hoʻohui pū nā hui ʻelua i ka mauʻu e hoʻoikaika i nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā pōhaku lepo, ka ipu lepo, a me nā waʻa.
Ma kahi o 1200 AD, ua hana nā Mongols i ke kakaka pūhui ikaika. No ka hana ʻana, ua hui pū lākou i kekahi mau mea, ʻo ia hoʻi ka lāʻau, ke kaula, ka pū, ka ʻohe, ka iwi, a me ke kilika. Ua hoʻohana lākou i ka turpentine e like me ke kāpili e hoʻopaʻa i nā ʻāpana āpau, e hopena i kahi mea kaua ikaika loa.
Nā Hoʻonui Hou i nā Composites
Ma hope o ka Industrial Revolution, ua paʻa nā resins synthetic ma o ke kaʻina hana polymerization, ka mea i alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana o nā plastics like ʻole i ke kenekulia 20. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Leo Baekeland i ka resin phenolic, i kaulana loa no kona mau waiwai ʻaʻole hoʻokele a me ka wela. I ka makahiki 1930, ua hoʻolauna ʻo Owens Corning i nā fiber glass a ua hoʻolalelale i ka ʻoihana FRP (fiber reinforced polymer). Ua ulu ikaika nā resins i hana ʻia i kēlā manawa a hoʻohana mau ʻia i kēia lā. ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua puka mai kahi ʻōnaehana resin ikaika.
ʻO ka hopena mau o nā mea hui
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka fiber carbon mua i ka makahiki 1961 a loaʻa mālie ka kaulana i nā noi pāʻoihana. Ma ka waena o ka makahiki 1990, ua kaulana nā mea hana i nā ʻoihana e like me ka hana ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka ikaika ma mua o nā mea kahiko. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā composites i ka Boeing 787 Dreamliner i ka waena o 2000s ua hōʻike hou i ko lākou waiwai. Hōʻike ia i ko lākou koʻikoʻi no nā noi e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea pono no nā noi hou.
He aha nā Composites i hana ʻia?
Hoʻomaopopo pū ka poʻe i nā composites e like me Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites. Hana nā mea hana iā lākou me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka matrix polymer. Hoʻoikaika lākou i kēia matrix me nā fibers engineered, synthetic, a i ʻole kūlohelohe, hiki ke komo i nā mea like me ke aniani, carbon, a i ʻole aramid. Eia hou, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻohana i nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika o ka composite.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka matrix. Mālama ia i nā fiber mai ka pōʻino o ke kaiapuni a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o waho, ʻoiai e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻoili ukana ma waena o lākou. Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, hāʻawi nā fiber i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī. Kōkua lākou i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka matrix a ʻae iā ia e pale i nā māwae a me nā haki.
I nā huahana he nui i loko o kā mākou ʻoihana, haku pinepine nā mea hana i ka matrix o ka resin polyester a hoʻohana maʻamau i ka fiber aniani i mea hoʻoikaika. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā composites me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hui like ʻole o ka resin a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana, me kēlā me kēia paʻi e hoʻohuli kūʻokoʻa i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me nā waiwai o ka huahana hope. ʻOiai ikaika ka fiber, maʻalahi ia e haki, no laila hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa. I kēia manawa, hoʻopili ka resin maʻalahi a mālama i ka fiber.
Hiki i nā FRP composites ke hoʻokomo i nā mea hoʻopihapiha, nā mea hoʻohui, a me nā mea kumu. Loaʻa paha iā lākou nā hoʻopau ʻili. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana. Hoʻomaikaʻi lākou i ke ʻano o ka huahana a hoʻonui i kāna hana.
Na Mea Nui o na Mea Hana Hui
Nui nā waiwai kūikawā i nā mea hoʻohui. Ma muli o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, he mea maʻalahi lākou a hana maikaʻi ʻoiai i nā hoʻohana paʻakikī a koi. He hopena nui kēia mau hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi i ko lākou pono. I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i nā waiwai like ʻole i pono loa i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana.
ikaika
Hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe i ka ʻoi aku o ka ikaika o nā composites ma mua o kēlā me kēia mea hana. No laila, hoʻonui lākou i ka ikaika a hoʻoikaika i nā hale. No laila, he koho maikaʻi loa nā mea composite no nā noi e koi ana i ka hiki ke kākoʻo i nā ukana kaumaha.
Durability
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui i ka wā paʻakikī a i ʻole nā kaiapuni e hoʻopōʻino ai. Hana maikaʻi lākou ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi pinepine e like me nā haʻalulu a me nā haʻalulu. He mea kūpono kēia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mokulele, nā kaʻa, a me nā mokulele.
hopena e kū'ē'ē mai
Hoʻolālā nā mea hana i kēia mau mea e mālama i nā hopena a hoʻolaha i ka ikaika, e hana ana me ka ʻole e hoʻomau i ka pōʻino. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mana, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā noi i hiki ke hopena. No laila, ʻo ko lākou hiki ke pale aku i ka pōʻino mai nā ulia a i ʻole nā mea paʻi e pono ai lākou no nā hale pale ulia.
Hoʻoikaika kūlohelohe
Hiki i nā composites ke pale aku i ka pōʻino mai nā kemika ikaika a i ʻole nā kaiapuni paʻakikī. He mea kūpono kēia no ka hana ʻana i nā pale kemika.
kohoʻia
Hiki ke loli a hiki ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano me ka haki ʻole. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolālā ʻia e kūlou i nā ala kikoʻī, e pili ana i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana. He mea maikaʻi kēia no ka hana ʻana i nā lālā prosthetic. Eia kekahi, ʻo ko lākou ʻano maʻalahi e hāʻawi i nā mea ʻenekinia i nā koho maikaʻi aʻe no nā mea e kū pono ana i nā ukana neʻe a i ʻole nā haʻalulu.
Lightweight
He mau waiwai ko keia mau mea, aka, aole kaumaha. Hāʻawi lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me nā hale māmā. ʻO ko lākou ikaika i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ko lākou kaumaha, heʻano koʻikoʻi ia i nāʻoihana kahi e hoʻemi ai i ke kaumaha.
Kūpaʻa pumehana
Hiki i nā mea hoʻohuihui ke mālama i ko lākou ʻano ke ʻike ʻia i ka wela nui. He mea nui ka hiki ke noho ikaika ma lalo o nā mahana wela. Pono kēia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana wela loa.
Uila lawe uila
Hiki ke loaʻa nā waiwai uila maikaʻi loa i nā hui. Hiki iā lākou ke hana ma ke ʻano he insulators maikaʻi a hoʻokele maikaʻi i ka uila.
ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale leo
He mea kūikawā nā composites no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hōʻemi a hoʻopaʻa i ka walaʻau mai ka hele ʻana. ʻO kēia waiwai hoʻopaʻa leo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi iā lākou no nā kumu pale kani.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi 3 Nui o ka Composite nā pono
Hoʻohana pinepine nā kānaka i nā composites i nā mea o kēlā me kēia lā. Hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā kaʻa, nā lako kolepa, a me nā paipu. He mea koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi lākou no nā mīkini holomua e like me nā moku rocket. Ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai kūikawā, hāʻawi lākou i nā mea maikaʻi aʻe i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā mea kahiko. ʻOi aku ka makemake o nā ʻenekinia, nā mea hoʻolālā, a me nā mea kālai kiʻi e hoʻohana i nā composites, ʻoi loa i nā kūlana paʻakikī kahi mea nui o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka wela.
Kūpono-kāki
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kumulāʻau ma mua o nā mea maʻamau e like me ka lāʻau a me ka metala. Ma waho aʻe o ke kumukūʻai, hāʻawi lākou i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā composites. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōpala i ka wā o kā lākou hana ʻana a hoʻohana.
Hoemi i ka manawa hana a me ka hooikaika ana
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā composites i ke kaʻina hana e hōʻemi i ka manawa e pono ai no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana. Hoʻemi pū ia i ka nui o ka hana e pono ai no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea kuʻuna like ʻole.
Hoʻolālā Versatility
ʻO kekahi o nā pōmaikaʻi koʻikoʻi o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia ʻo ko lākou maʻalahi i ka hoʻolālā. Hiki i nā ʻenekinia ke hana iā lākou i nā ʻano like ʻole a i ʻole nā ʻano e pono ai lākou. ʻAe kēia iā lākou e hana i nā ʻāpana paʻakikī a me nā ʻāpana me kēia mau mea.
Nā ʻano o nā mea hui
Ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i nā pōmaikaʻi maʻamau o nā composites, e ʻimi kākou i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hui.
Nā Mea Hana Kūlohelohe
| ʻAno Hui | Hoʻoikaika | mua | Hoʻohana Laʻana |
| laau | Nā olonā Cellulose | Lignin (organic, carbon-based polymers) | Nā mea hana hale, hana hale, etc. |
| iwi | Kolagen fiber | ʻO ka hydroxyapatite (ka mineral crystalline e pili ana i ka calcium) | Kākoʻo kūkulu i loko o nā mea ola |
| Paʻakala/Bila | Kolo | lepo a lepo paha | Ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale, nā ʻoihana e like me nā pā, etc. |
Nā Mea Hana Hui Kūikawā
I nā makahiki 1930, ua ʻike ʻia ka mea hoʻohui mua o kēia manawa, ke aniani aniani. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he aniani fiber reinforced plastic (GRFP a i ʻole GRP). Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, hele mai ʻo GRP ma ke ʻano o ka lipine, i hoʻopili ʻia i ka mold no ka hoʻohana ʻana, nā kaula palaki i mea pani e kākoʻo ai i ke aniani aniani. Kōkua ka fiber aniani e hoʻoikaika i ka mea. ʻO nā plastic fiber carbon reinforced plastics (CRFP a i ʻole CRP) ua like ia me GRP, akā hoʻohana i ke kalapona kalapona.
- Aniani Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GRP)
Hoʻolauna Kumu
ʻO Fiberglass ka mea mua i hui pū ʻia. Ua kapa mua ʻia ʻo ia he "fibreglas," i kēia manawa ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka plastic-fiber reinforced plastic (GRFP a i ʻole GRP). Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mea i ka makahiki 1930.
ʻO ke ʻano a me ke ʻano
I kēia mau lā, hāʻawi pinepine nā mea hana i ka fiberglass ma ke ʻano o nā lipine e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohana ke hoʻopili i ka ʻili o kahi mol. Hoʻohana ʻia ka tape backing plastic ma ke ʻano he matrix, e paʻa ana i nā fiber aniani. Eia naʻe, hāʻawi nā fiber aniani i ka nui o ka ikaika o ka mea.
Nā Pono Pono Pono
He palupalu a maʻalahi ka plastik, ʻoiai ʻo ke aniani ikaika akā palupalu. Ke hui pū ʻia, hana lākou i mea ikaika a paʻa. He kūpono kēia mea no nā noi e like me ke kaʻa a i ʻole nā kino moku. ʻAʻole like me nā metala a i ʻole nā mea hoʻohui, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kaumaha a kū i ka ʻōpala.
- ʻO ka Plastic Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CRFP a i ʻole CRP)
Hoʻohui i ka GRP
Ua like ia me GRP.
Ka hoʻololi
Hoʻohana ia i nā pulu kalapona ma kahi o nā pulu aniani.
Nā Hui Hou
Hana ʻia nā mea hoʻohui hou o kēia wā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea e like me ke metala, plastic (polymer), a i ʻole keramik. ʻO ka hopena, hāʻawi kēia i ʻekolu mau ʻano kumu nui o nā mea hoʻohui: metala matrix composites (MMC), polymer matrix composites (PMC), a me ceramic matrix composites (CMC).
Nā Mea Hoʻohui Metala Matrix (MMC)
Hoʻokumu nā mea hana i ka matrix o MMC me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā metala māmā e like me ka aluminika a i ʻole ka magnesium alloys. I ka hana ʻana, hoʻohana lākou i nā ceramics a i ʻole carbon fibers e hoʻoikaika ai, e like me ka alumini i hoʻoikaika ʻia me ka silicon carbide a me nā ʻāpana keleawe-nickel i hoʻoikaika ʻia me ka graphene. ʻO kēia mau mea he ikaika, paʻakikī, paʻa, kū'ē i ka'ōpala, a māmā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kā lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe e kaupalena i kā lākou hoʻohana. Kaulana lākou i ka aerospace, pūʻali koa, automotive a me nā noi mea hana ʻoki.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Ceramic Matrix Composite (CMC)
Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumulāʻau ceramic matrix (CMC) i kahi mea seramika, e like me ke aniani borosilicate, e like me ka matrix. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana kalapona a i ʻole ka ceramic no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana e hōʻemi i ka brittleness o nā seramika kahiko. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā CMC e pili ana i ka carbon-fiber-reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) a me ka silicon carbide-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC/SiC).
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā CMC no ka aerospace a me nā noi pūʻali koa kahi mea koʻikoʻi nā mea māmā a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe. I kēia lā, hoʻohana pū ʻia lākou i nā kaʻa kaʻa, nā paʻa, nā bearings, nā mea hoʻololi wela, a me nā reactors nuklea.
ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui polimer matrix (PMC)
He ʻokoʻa nā PMC e like me GRP. I loko o nā PMC, hoʻonui ʻia ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka matrix plastic i hiki ke thermoplastic a i ʻole thermosetting. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā PMC e pili ana i ka thermosetting i ke kū ʻana i nā manawa kiʻekiʻe a me nā solvents akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a lōʻihi ka hana. He maikaʻi lākou no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana no nā kaʻa, nā moku, a me nā mokulele. Hoʻohana nui nā mea hana iā lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā mea haʻuki. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka ʻoihana aerospace i nā PMC epoxy-based (thermoset), a ke ulu pū nei ka mea nui o nā PMC hoʻokumu ʻia i ka thermoplastic kiʻekiʻe.
Noi o na Mea Hana Hui
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea composite ma nā ʻoihana he nui a he nui nā noi. Eia kekahi mau laʻana:
- Aerospace
Ua ulu ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā composites i nā mokulele. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka B787 he 50% composites ma ke kaupaona, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana sandwich carbon, CFRP laminates, a me fiberglass. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā composites ma mua o ka alumini no ko lākou ikaika a me nā waiwai tensile.
- kaʻa
Hoʻohana nā mea hana i nā composites i nā haʻuki a me nā kaʻa uila no kā lākou mau waiwai māmā, e hoʻonui ai i ka hana a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka pākaukau. Hiki i nā ʻāpana CFRC ke hoʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke kaʻa e 30%. ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i ke kalapona kalapona e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me nā hoʻokuʻu haʻahaʻa.
- Hawaii
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā GF a me CF composites i ka hana moku a me ka hoʻoponopono moana. Ua pani lākou i nā metala kuʻuna ma muli o ko lākou ʻano māmā, ka ikaika ʻokoʻa, a me ka lōʻihi. Makemake nā mea hana i ka GRP no kona kū'ē i nā kaiapuni paʻakikī a me nā koi haʻahaʻa mālama.
- Wind Energy
Pono nā mea hoʻohui i loko o nā lau makani turbine no ko lākou kiʻekiʻe ikaika-a-kaumaha. I ka hiki ʻana o nā turbine kahiko i ka EoL, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hana hou ʻana. Ua pāpā kekahi mau ʻāina ʻo EU i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻana i ka ʻāina, e koi ana i nā hoʻonā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
- Kūkulu a me nā ʻoihana
Hoʻohana ʻia nā composites kiʻekiʻe i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahaka a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana i nā hale no ke kū ʻana i ke olai. He mea maʻamau nā aniani a me ke kalapona i loko o nā resins. Ke ʻimi nei ka ʻoihana i ka hana hou ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōpala waiwai EoL nui.
TEAM Rapid: ʻO kāu koho mua no nā mea hoʻonā mea hoʻohui
ʻO TEAM Rapid kahi ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe i ʻike i nā mea hana. Hāʻawi mākou i kahi ākea o nā lawelawe, e hoʻohana ana i kā mākou ʻenehana ʻokiʻoki a me ka ʻike ʻoihana. Loaʻa i kā mākou hui akamai ka ʻike nui me nā mea hana like ʻole a me nā ʻenehana hana. Inā paha kāu mau pono i loko o ka aerospace, automotive, moana, a i ʻole nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi mākou i nā hopena i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokō i kāu mau koi kikoʻī.
Me kā mākou kūpaʻa i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana hou, hōʻoia mākou i nā ʻāpana composite a me nā huahana a mākou e hāʻawi ai i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa. Me kā mākou mau hale hana hou a me nā ʻoihana ʻike nui, hāʻawi mākou i nā lawelawe kūpono a hilinaʻi hoʻi no kāu mau pono waiwai composite. ʻO ke koho ʻana no TEAM Rapid Tooling e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ʻoe e loaʻa ka maikaʻi a me ka hana maikaʻi i kēlā me kēia papahana mai CNC prototyping wikiwiki i ʻāpana mōlina mōlina. E kelepona mai iā mākou i kēia lā, a e kōkua mākou iā ʻoe i ka hoʻokō ʻana i kāu papahana composite aʻe!
FAQs
- ʻO wai ka mea ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi, ka mea hoʻohui a i ʻole nā mea kuʻuna?
ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kahi mea hoʻohuihui e pili ana i nā mea hana i hana ʻia. Hiki i ke ʻano o nā kaʻina hana a me nā mea hana ke hana i nā composites i ʻoi aku ke kumu kūʻai ma mua o nā mea kuʻuna. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia nā composites he kumu kūʻai no ka mea hāʻawi lākou i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kaumaha, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi.
- He aha nā pōʻino o nā mea hoʻohui?
ʻOiai ke hāʻawi nei nā mea hoʻohuihui i nā pono he nui, aia kekahi mau hemahema. Hiki iā lākou ke paʻakikī i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana, no ka mea he paʻakikī ke ʻike a hoʻoponopono ʻia paha. ʻO ka Delamination, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai nā papa, kahi pilikia maʻamau. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā composites no nā noi kikoʻī hiki ke paʻakikī a paʻakikī. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ko lākou hopena i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea kuʻuna e like me ka metala, e hoʻemi ʻole ʻia lākou no kekahi mau wahi koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe.
